are termed

In raw silk, knots arc classified as a major defect by the Silk Association of America. They are caused by tail-ends unclipped from piecing cocoon filaments together in the reeling. Knots of less than one-inch length are termed " long knots " and those more than one inch in length are termed " very long knots."

(See knitting). All yarns used for knitting are termed hosiery yarns in Leicester, but in America only yarns actually used for knitted footwear come under this term. These yarns are much softer than required for weaving. Miscellaneous Yarns - Goat wools, such as llama and alpaca are employed in spinning. yarns for the knitting trade. Vicuna and camel yarns are used to a limited extent. Ramie yarn is specially employed for knitting gas mantle fabrics. Soft spun flax yams have been used for making underwear fabric. Chenille and other manufactured threads are used to a small extent in warp knitting. Composite yarns, such as union yarns - spun from a mixture of wool and cotton fibres; cordon yarns - cotton and worsted singles, doubled together; wool and rayon or spun silk, cotton and rayon or spun silk are largely used to produce self or two-colour effects. Fancy yarns, such as slub yams, voiles, and curled and loop yarns are also employed. Hosiery Yarns (Cotton) include condenser, hosiery, condenser lisle thread, mercerised and sewing cottons. Condenser yarns are spun in coarse counts from low-grade cotton, Indian and American. They are carded, condensed and mule spun, and possess little twist. Hosiery cotton yarns vary considerably in counts and qualities, practically all varieties of Indian, American and Egyptian being used in varying proportions to obtain suitable mixture for quality and price. Cheaper yarns are carded and mule spun. American and Egyptian cotton yarns are combed mainly with the object of removing seed particles. High-class Egyptian and Sea Islands cotton yarns are super-combed. The chief features of a hosiery cotton yam should be: (1) Regularity; (2) cleanliness; (3) fullness. Regularity prevents the making of cloudy fabric, showing thick and thin places. Cleanliness is essential, as the seed particles clog the eyelet hole in the yam guides and cause breakages. Fullness is desirable to cover the loop interstices. Elasticity and pliability are quite as essential as tensile strength. Yams are usually soft spun and if two-fold soft doubled, average twists in two-fold being 2/10's 6¹/₂T., 2/20's 8¹/₂T., 2/30's 10T., 2/40's 16T., 2/80's 20T. Softer twist less 25 to 30 per cent of average (T= turns per inch). Lisle thread is a comparatively hard-twisted and doubly-gassed thread in which there are no projecting fibres. It is always of a two-fold character, and the doubling twist varies from 24 to 34 turns per inch in 2/60's. It is used largely in the manufacture of ladies' hose tops and feet and for lace hosiery. Mercerised yams are used largely in the fancy trade, a comparatively soft twist again being employed. Sewing cottons for seaming, linking and making-up are specially prepared in two to six cord open and reverse twist. Woollen and Worsted Yarns include lamb's wool, wheeling, skein yarns, gala yams (woollens), worsted, crossbreds, fingering, cashmere, dry spun botany (see under each name). Worsted and crossbred yarns of various qualities are used. These yams are spun softly with " hosiery twist." The drawing may be open, cone or French, and the spinning may take place on cap, ring or flyer frames. The chief essentials of hosiery yarn are softness of fibre, fullness, minimum of twist consistent with the requisite tensile strength, regularity, pliability and elasticity. Cashmere Yarns, as used in the knitted goods industry, are spun from short, loose and weak wools as well as from better qualities by French drawing and mule spinning. A small proportion of real cashmere is used for outer garments. In recent years nylon yarns have been largely employed.

See crepe, crepons and crisp ———————— Originally called crapes, and were always black and used for mourning purposes. It is a puckered or crinkled fabric. Special hard-twisted yarns are used, and when the cloth is washed or finished a crepe effect is produced which is permanent, due to the shrinkage of the special yarns. The cloths produced by what are termed crepe weaves do not pucker except when hard-twisted yarns are used (see Crepon). The following weave particulars are typical of true cotton crepes produced from crepe yarns in a plain weave and when finished the cloths shrink from 48-in. to 34/5-in. One has 48 ends and 42 picks per inch in the loom and gives 60 ends and 52 picks per inch finished. Warp and weft are 2/120's. The other is woven 38 X 46 in the loom and gives 56 X 60 finished, 100's warp and weft crepe yarns, with 2/80's colour. Both fabrics are picked two right and two reverse.

Originally called crapes, and were always black and used for mourning purposes. It is a puckered or crinkled fabric. Special hard-twisted yarns are used, and when the cloth is washed or finished a crepe effect is produced which is permanent, due to the shrinkage of the special yarns. The cloths produced by what are termed crepe weaves do not pucker except when hard-twisted yarns are used (see Crepon). The following weave particulars are typical of true cotton crepes produced from crepe yarns in a plain weave and when finished the cloths shrink from 48-in. to 34/5-in. One has 48 ends and 42 picks per inch in the loom and gives 60 ends and 52 picks per inch finished. Warp and weft are 2/120's. The other is woven 38 X 46 in the loom and gives 56 X 60 finished, 100's warp and weft crepe yarns, with 2/80's colour. Both fabrics are picked two right and two reverse.

Originally called crapes, and were always black and used for mourning purposes. It is a puckered or crinkled fabric. Special hard-twisted yarns are used, and when the cloth is washed or finished a crepe effect is produced which is permanent, due to the shrinkage of the special yarns. The cloths produced by what are termed crepe weaves do not pucker except when hard-twisted yarns are used (see Crepon). The following weave particulars are typical of true cotton crepes produced from crepe yarns in a plain weave and when finished the cloths shrink from 48-in. to 34/5-in. One has 48 ends and 42 picks per inch in the loom and gives 60 ends and 52 picks per inch finished. Warp and weft are 2/120's. The other is woven 38 X 46 in the loom and gives 56 X 60 finished, 100's warp and weft crepe yarns, with 2/80's colour. Both fabrics are picked two right and two reverse.

The first clip of wool from a sheep, usually termed lamb's wool. Subsequent clips after the first one are termed fleece wool.

The first ginning of cotton from the field gives cotton of normal staple, but short hairs are still attached to the seed and these are removed by a second ginning and are termed linters. These are too short in staple for spinning, and some is used for wadding for cushions, mattresses, etc. Considerable quantities are pulped and subsequently made into writing paper, rayon, explosives, varnishes, twine, wicks, etc. Linter fibre varies considerably in length, and ranges from ¹/₈-in. to ¹/₂-in. It is similar to immature or undeveloped cotton fibre, being light and weak in body and staple. The extraneous matter contained in linters is composed principally of broken hulls, small motes, a large amount of lint dust, and some oil. The colour of linters varies considerably, the principal shades being grey, yellow, green, greenish-yellow, and brown. White is rarely obtained.

Many fabrics are termed bird's-eye, both in cotton and wool. They are all of the small spot effect. In cotton there are many bird's-eye cloths, such as 29-in., 31-in., 56-in., 72 X 80 per inch, 40's/36's, from 6 to 12-shaft diamond spots. In worsted, generally 2 X 2 twill, and the warp 3 dark, 2 white, weft 2 or 3 dark, 1 white to give the fine spot effect.

Fabrics in the construction of which more than one warp and one weft are used are termed " compound." A backed cloth is now called compound, although the real compound cloth is composed of two or more distinct cloths. Such fabrics as bags, pillow casing, etc., are compound. Also see pillow cloths, weft and warp balcked fabrics satin back cloths.

When two cocoons are united owing to two worms spinning close together they are termed " doupions " and the same term is given to the raw silk reeled from them. Usually the cocoons are reeled alternately, and where the filaments overlap and come forward together there is very uneven thread formed. This produces a yarn so irregular that it is only used for coarse counts and cheap fabrics.

Cloths are termed figured when they are ornamented by means of coloured yarn, extra warp or weft, or by a combination of weaves. All jacquard cloths and most dobby cloths are described as figured.

All these fabrics are termed crepes, entirely because of their weave structure and no crepe yarn is used for any of them. A linen crepe is made of ordinary linen yarns. The irregular surface of the cloth is produced by the varied lengths of yarn floats, and some of the designs are so elaborate that jacquards are required to weave them.

A compound fabric consisting of two plain cloths joined together by a figuring warp to produce a pattern. Between the two cloths is inserted wadding weft of coarse yarn. A jacquard machine and heald shafts are required to weave the cloth. The healds weave the plain cloth, while the patterning ends are operated by the jacquard. Each pattern card serves for ten picks, viz., four picks of fine weft for the face cloth, four from the same shuttle for the back cloth, and two picks of coarse weft for wadding. The cloth can be woven from one beam, but two beams allow the tension on the stitching threads to be more correctly adjusted. The various qualities are termed 4-pick, 5-pick, etc., according to the number of picks woven for each jacquard card. One cloth is made 72 face ends 1/100's, 24 back ends, 20's, 40 face picks 32's, 40 back picks 32's, and 20 wadding picks 16's per inch, all cotton yarns. This cloth is an imitation of an Eastern fabric used as quilts, and made from a pure plain woven cloth, two pieces of the cloth being placed together one on the top of the other, and a thick cotton wadding placed between, the whole being stitched together by hand. Where no stitches were used the cloth bulged owing to the wadding between.

Именоваться-- This time is referred to as the convective delay time.

Damaged goods of all kinds are termed jobs, and are sold by weight as a rule to dealers calling themselves job merchants.

ˈepɪfaɪt сущ.
1) бот. эпифит (растение, живущее на др. растении и в отличие от паразитов, получающее питательные вещества не от растения, на котором живет, а из окружающей его среды) Mosses, lichens are termed false parasites or epiphytes. ≈ Мхи, лишайники называются псевдопаразитами или эпифитами.
2) мед. грибковый паразит (на теле животного) (ботаника) эпифит (биология) растительный эктопаразит;
грибковый паразит (животного) epiphyte мед. грибковый паразит ( животного) ~ бот. эпифит

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abbrev.: DK don't know "не знаю": фондовая сделка, по которой обнаружены расхождения в данных при сверке, т. е. есть вопросы (США; разг.); = questioned trade (QT).